List of Famous people born in Poltava Oblast, Ukraine

Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol was a Russian novelist, short story writer and playwright of Ukrainian origin.

Vera Vasilyevna Kholodnaya was a Russian actress of Ukrainian origin. She was the first star of Russian silent cinema. Only five of her films still exist and the total number she acted in is unknown, with speculation ranging between fifty and one hundred.

Andriy Mykhailovych Danylko, better known for his drag stage persona Verka Serduchka, is a Ukrainian comedian and pop and dance singer. Danylko represented Ukraine in the Eurovision Song Contest 2007 as Verka Serduchka and finished in second place. Serduchka has sold over 600,000 records during his career in Ukraine.

Lyudmila Vladimirovna Rudenko was a Soviet chess player and the second women's world chess champion, from 1950 until 1953.

Symon Vasylyovych Petliura (Ukrainian: Си́мон Васи́льович Петлю́ра; 22 May [O.S. 10 May] 1879 – May 25, 1926) was a Ukrainian politician and journalist. He became the Supreme Commander of the Ukrainian Army and the President of the Ukrainian People's Republic during Ukraine's short-lived sovereignty in 1918–1921, leading Ukraine's struggle for independence following the fall of the Russian Empire in 1917.

Trofím Denísovich Lysénko was a Soviet agronomist and biologist. Lysenko was a strong proponent of Lamarckism and rejected Mendelian genetics in favor of pseudoscientific ideas termed Lysenkoism.

Hryhorii Skovoroda, also Gregory Skovoroda or Grigory Skovoroda was a philosopher of Ukrainian Cossack origin who lived and worked in the Russian Empire. He was also a poet, teacher and composer of liturgical music. His significant influence on his contemporaries and succeeding generations and his way of life were universally regarded as Socratic, and he was often called a "Socrates." Skovoroda's work contributed to the cultural heritage of both modern-day Ukraine and Russia.

Alexander 'Sasha' Pechersky was one of the organizers, and the leader, of the most successful uprising and mass-escape of Jews from a Nazi extermination camp during World War II; which occurred at the Sobibor extermination camp on 14 October 1943.

Vladimir Petrovich Zamansky is a Russian film and theater actor, People's Artist of the RSFSR (1988), citizen of Murom (2013), and a Recipient of the Order of the Patriotic War, 2nd class.

Yuri Vasilievich Kondratyuk was a Soviet engineer and mathematician. He was a pioneer of astronautics and spaceflight, a theoretician and a visionary who, in the early 20th century, developed the first known lunar orbit rendezvous (LOR), a key concept for landing and return spaceflight from Earth to the Moon. The LOR was later used for the plotting of the first actual human spaceflight to the Moon. Many other aspects of spaceflight and space exploration are covered in his works.