Bat Ye'or

Bat Ye'or is the pen name of Gisèle Littman, an Egyptian-born British author, best known for popularising the Islamophobic conspiracy theory Eurabia in her writings about modern Europe, in which she argues that Islam, anti-Americanism and antisemitism hold sway over European culture and politics as a result of collaboration between radical Arabs and Muslims on one hand, and fascists, socialists, Nazis, and antisemitic rulers of Europe on the other. Her writing focuses on the history of religious minorities in the Muslim world and modern European politics. Ye'or has popularized the concept of dhimmitude in her books about the history of Middle Eastern Christians and Jews living under Islamic governments. Ye'or describes dhimmitude as the "specific social condition that resulted from jihad," and as the "state of fear and insecurity" of "infidels" who are required to "accept a condition of humiliation." Ye'or's historical work is severely criticized by academic specialists in the field, though it has been praised by some authors writing for a popular audience. Ye'or's other books have also been a subject of controversy.